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See the following topics for information on XACML and also on the architecture of XACML.

Introducing XACML

XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) is an XML-based language for access control that has been standardized by the Technical Committee of the OASIS consortium. XACML is popular as a fine grain authorization method among the community. However, there are aspects of XACML which surpass it being just a fine grain authorization mechanism.

Although XACML was introduced as a standard by OASIS in 2003, not many organisations that have been adapted it yet. This is because most of the organizations have not shown interest in moving towards a XACML solution for authorization. The following may be some reasons for this:

• Many software designer and developers do not have a clear understanding on the importance and advantages of XACML.
• It is a bit hard to implement a XACML solution rather than a typical JDBC or hard coded authorization system.
• Performances of XACML-based authorization system may be less than adequate.
• Complexity of defining and managing XACML policies.

However, current market trends indicate that there are some motivation for XACML-based authorization systems. This section includes some architectural and implementation details on XACML with an existing XACML engine.

If you are interested in going into the depth in XACML, You can find XACML specifications and other information here.

To summarize, XACML describes both an access control policy language, request/response language and reference architecture. The policy language is used to express access control policies (who can do what when). The request/response language expresses queries about whether a particular access should be allowed (requests) and describes answers to those queries(responses). The reference architecture proposes a standard for deployment of necessary software modules within an infrastructure to allow efficient enforcement of policies.

Why XACML

Most of the organizations still use legacy systems with inbuilt authorization logic. Sometimes, one organization contains a large number of information systems and applications that each system or application uses for their own process of authorization. Today, authorization has become more complex because users within organizations as well as outside the organization need access to shared data and have the need to collaborate efficiently. Therefore It has been very hard to manage those legacy, custom authorization systems. However, XACML offers a solution to this problem.

When we think about a traditional authorization system, it would mostly look like as follows:

• Authorization logics are hard coded into the programming source code
• Authorization logics are stored in a databases that could be only readable and understandable by the underlying application

The following are the some goals that current organizations are looking at from an authorization system.

• Can business managers (who should determine how access controls would be implemented) define and modify authorization logics?
• Can we find new IT technicians to manage these legacy systems? Especially when people who developed the system, left the organization
• Can authorization logics be modified without any source code changes in an dynamic way?
• Is authorization system capable for evaluating following rule? “X resource can be accessed by the Users who are from example.com domain and whose age is greater than 21 years old”
• If we are going to implement a new information system with the organization, can we re-use the authorization logics of a legacy system?
• Can achieve find-grant authorization without defining large number of static combinations?
• Is authorization systems capable of answering following questions: “Can a user, Alex, transfer X amount from Y current account at 1.00pm?“
  

As we can understand, the above goals can not be achieved from a traditional authorization system. However XACML (eXtensible Access Control Markup Language) based authorization solution can provide all of these goals. This is because XACML:

• is a standard which is ratified by OASIS standards organization.
• is a policy language implemented using XML.
• supports Attribute Based Access Control (ABAC) and evaluation can be done with the additional data retrieved from Policy Information Point (PIP) which is defined by the XACML reference architecture.
• contains reference architecture which is provided to externalize the authorization system. The Policy Decision Point (PDP) offers authorization as a service in your infrastructure. Authorization algorithms can be removed from the application logic and applications can query the PDP via their own Policy Enforcement Points (PEP).
• provides fine-grained authorization with higher level of abstraction by means of policies and rules.
• supports dynamic evaluation of policies by using the Policy Information Point (PIP).

XACML system architecture

Policy Decision Point (PDP) evaluates policies against access requests provided by Policy Enforcement Points (PEP). To provide the decisions, PDP may also need to query a Policy Information Point (PIP) to gather descriptive attributes about the user or any other missing attribute in the request. Policy Administration Point (PAP) is used to manage the PDP and PIP functionality.

XACML terminology

The XACML reference architecture illustrated above is comprised of the following four 'building blocks'.

...

The XACML engine of the WSO2 Identity Server has two major components, i.e., PAP and PDP. This section focuses on Policy Decision Policy Point (PDP) only.

The following diagram represents the component architecture of the PDP.

...

This is used to retrieve children or descendant resources of a given root level resource value. Basically it is used to fulfill the requirement of a multiple decision profile. The implementation is same as the PIP attribute finder module. By default, WSO2 Identity Server is shipped with DefaultResourceFinder (which is the implementation of PIPResourceFinder) that communicates with Carbon registry resources.

Improvements in XACML 3.0

The XACML 3.0 core specification highlights the following main changes in comparison with XACML 2.0.

Custom attribute categories

Custom attribute categories can be defined with XACML 3.0. However, in XACML 2.0, attributes have been organized into subject, resource, environment or action. For example, consider that you want to create an attribute category called “foo” in your policy and request. You can do it with XACML 3.0 without any issue. According to the XACML 3.0 policy schema, the category of XACML element is identified by a XML attribute called “Category”. 

In XACML 2.0 Policy, you can define the attribute designator element as follows, However, it must be a pre-defined category such as subject, resource, environment or action.

<ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>

In a XACML 3.0 Policy, you can define it as follows. Category can be any thing as it is defined as an attribute of the AttributeDesignator element.

<AttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" Category="resource" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>

Improvements in Obligation

There are several improvements with Obligation in XACML 3.0 when compared to 2.0.

One of the main improvements is the introduction of Obligation Expressions. This adds dynamic expressions into the obligation statements. For a more indepth understanding, see the following example:

Let assume that you want to do following with the Obligation: “On deny, inform the PEP to send an email to the user”.

In XACML 2.0, you need to define the obligation element with the user email statically.

<Obligation ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
	<AttributeAssignment AttributeId="email" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">user@foo.com</AttributeAssignment>
</Obligation>

However, the user would not be same for each XACML request that is evaluated. Therefore it is not possible to configure the email statically in the Obligation element. Obligation can only inform PEP to send an email to user (it lets the PEP figure out the value of user’s email).

<Obligation ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
	<AttributeAssignment AttributeId="text" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">please send email to user</AttributeAssignment>
</Obligation>

However, in XACML 3.0, the email of each user can be retrieved using PIP in a dynamic manner as we can define an expression element inside the ObligationExpression. Therefore, obligation can inform PEP to send an email to user@foo.com address.

<ObligationExpression ObligationId="send-email" FulfillOn="Deny">
	<AttributeAssignmentExpression AttributeId="email" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">
		<AttributeDesignator AttributeId="email" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:subject-category:access-subject" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string" MustBePresent="false"/>
	</AttributeAssignmentExpression>
</ObligationExpression>

In XACML 2.0, obligations can only be added to policies and policy sets. However, with XACML 3.0, rules can also contain obligations.

Introducing Advice

Advice is a newly introduced feature with XACML 3.0 which is similar to obligations. PEPs do not have to comply with advice statements; PEPs can consider or discard the statement. A common scenario is to explain why something was denied: “User alex is denied because he does not have a valid email”.

Improvements in Target

Since it is possible to define custom attribute categories, there are improvements in some related elements in the XACML 3.0 policy, when compared to 2.0. With XACML 3.0, the Target element can be used to define more complex authorization logic within itself when compared with 2.0.

In XACML 2.0, the Target element contains the OR and AND relationship between the same category. However, in XACML 3.0, AllOf and AnyOf elements have been introduced to Target element. That clearly helps to define the OR and AND relationship between different categories.

As an example, let look at a Target element. In XACML 2.0, we have an AND relationship between foo1 and foo2 resources and an OR relationship between bar1 and bar2 actions. However, we cannot create an OR relationship between a foo1 resource and bar1 action. so we cannot define something such as “Target would be matched when Alex can access the foo resource or do a bar action” by using the Target element.

<Target>
	 <Resources>
		 <Resource>
			 <ResourceMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo1</AttributeValue>
				 <ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </ResourceMatch>
			 <ResourceMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo2</AttributeValue>
				 <ResourceAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </ResourceMatch>
		 </Resource>
	 </Resources>
	 <Actions>
		 <Action>
			 <ActionMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar1</AttributeValue>
				 <ActionAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </ActionMatch>
		 </Action>
		 <Action>
			 <ActionMatch MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar2</AttributeValue>
				 <ActionAttributeDesignator AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </ActionMatch>
		 </Action>
	 </Actions>
</Target>

XACML 3.0 has an AND relationship between “foo” resource and “bar1″ role and an OR relationship between “bar2″ action. So we cannot define something as “Target would be matched, when Alex can access foo resource and do bar1 action or do bar2 action”.

<Target>
	 <AnyOf>
		 <AllOf>
			 <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-regexp-match">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">foo</AttributeValue>
				 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:resource" AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:resource:resource-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </Match>
			 <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar1</AttributeValue>
				 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action"
 AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </Match>
		 </AllOf>
		 <AllOf>
			 <Match MatchId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:function:string-equal">
				 <AttributeValue DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string">bar2</AttributeValue>
				 <AttributeDesignator MustBePresent="false" Category="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:3.0:attribute-category:action"
 AttributeId="urn:oasis:names:tc:xacml:1.0:action:action-id" DataType="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#string"/>
			 </Match>
		 </AllOf>
	 </AnyOf>
</Target>

More Functions and Algorithms

XACML3 has introduced new String functions such as:

Some improvements to other functions such as

Also improvements to existing combine algorithms (deny-overrides, permit-overrides, ordered-deny-overrides and ordered-permit-overrides) and new two combine algorithms for policy and rule combining.

Improvements in XPath

New XPath data type is introduced with XACML 3.0. In XACML 2.0, XPath is defined as a String and cannot define the context that the namespace prefix is going to resolve. Also XPath based multiple decisions scheme is introduced with XACML 3.0. 

Improvement in XACML Request and Response

As it is possible to define custom attribute categories, many types of attribute categories can be in the XACML 3.0 request. XACML 2.0 request can contain only subject, resource, environment or action categories.

The XACML Response can contain additional data such as:

• Request attributes that are defined in the XACML response.
• Applicable policy ids for a given XACML request are defined in the XACML response.

Multiple Decision Profile

This is new profile which comes with XACML 3.0 and is not included in the XACML3 core specification. However, this is very useful for performance improvement between PEP and PDP. This is especially the case since PEP can request decisions for multiple requests in one XACML request.

Administrative Delegation Profile

This is also a new profile which comes with XACML 3.0. This allows you to define policies about who can write policies about what. For example, “Alex may issue a policy but only about resources in department X”.